Aps M4 Guardian Combat Full Metal Airsoft Rifle Ebb Asr112 Aeg Gun
Aps M4 Guardian Combat Full Metal Airsoft Rifle Ebb Asr112 Aeg Gun
Text past Maxim Popenker, © 2014
The term "Attack Rifle", despite its widespread use, is still controversial, because general understanding is not yet there on exactly what it ways.
The concept of an assault burglarize first became well known towards the cease of WW2 and shortly after, as a political/propaganda measure on the office of Adolf Hitler, although both the basic concept and the term itself do have a noticeably longer history.
The earliest use of a similar term, known to this author, dates back to the 1918-1920 timeframe, when noted US pocket-size arms designer Isaac Lewis produced a series of experimental automatic rifles which he called "Attack Stage Rifles". These rifles fired standard U.s.a. Army consequence burglarize ammunition of the period, the .thirty M1906 (.30-06, 7.62x63mm), and were in direct competition with John Browning's M1918 BAR Automated Rifle. Both Lewis and Browning automatic rifles were designed along the same conceptual lines of "Walking fire", originated by the French in around 1915 and first implemented with the ill-fated CSRG M1915 "Chauchat" Automobile Rifle. This concept called for a man-portable automatic weapon whose primary function was to provide suppressive supporting fire for infantry during assaults on entrenched enemy positions. In fact, this concept called for THE "Assail" Rifle, but its early on implementations, such every bit CSRG M1915 and BAR M1918 mentioned earlier, or the Russian Fedorov M1916, had some inherent flaws.
The major source of problems with these "first generation set on rifles" was their use of rifle-sized armament. Designed during the tardily nineteenth and early 20thursday century, this ammunition was quite powerful, capable of beingness fired the distances necessary for long range suppressive volley fire. This organization was the standard and widespread infantry exercise, until the mass adoption of machine guns during WW1.
This "extra power" from the ammunition blazon resulted in significant recoil, too as a noticeable carrying weight of the armament and of the guns that fired it. This resulted in an increase in manufacturing costs, in logistics costs and besides making such automatic rifles difficult to manage in combat.
The most logical solution to this problem was to reduce the power of the rifle ammunition to a more than manageable level, just still with the power necessary for most (only non all) typical combat scenarios. Traditional rifle cartridges of the era had a 'lethal range' well in backlog of 2 kilometers. Withal, under combat conditions no ane (well, almost no 1, but more on this afterward) can expect an average soldier to exist able to hit a homo-sized target at ranges longer than 300-500 meters. Furthermore, decreasing the power of rifle ammunition has several benefits. These include: savings on raw materials, powder, logistical cost per circular, increased combat load (as in number of rounds carried per soldier), decreased weight, size and price of rifles, decreased recoil, which is in turn conducive to meliorate accuracy.
This concept was supported by practical feel gained during the Keen State of war with the French-issued, US-fabricated Winchester M1907 self-loading rifles. These handy carbines were initially brought from the United states by the French Army to arm aircraft observers. Auto guns soon replaced rifles in this role.
On the other mitt, compact and handy carbines that fired a good "stopper" cartridge (.351 WSL, also known as 9x35SR, with circular-nosed bullets) were fantabulous weapons for shut combat on the battlefield. Fitted with extended magazines (15- or xx-circular capacity), bayonet mountain, and, in some cases, converted to burn in full-auto, these little rifles became progenitors of the modern "Assault Rifle" concept.
Fundamentally, an 'Assault Burglarize' is anautomated carbine firing reduced-power armament. This reduced-power ammunition is also known every bit intermediate power ammunition (or only "intermediate cartridges"). It is less powerful than standard war machine rifle ammo yet more powerful than typical handgun ammo.
The showtime intermediate cartridges..
Every bit early as 1918, several countries began to piece of work with this "reduced ability" concept, including France and the USA. The French try was the Ribeyrolles M1918 automatic carbine which fired specially designed 8x35SR ammo, based on the .351WSL cartridge but modified to accept standard 8mm Lebel pointed military bullets. The American attempt, known as the Winchester-Burton machine rifle, also used a cartridge based on the .351WSL. This purpose-designed round was called .345WMR (Winchester Machine Rifle), and used a pointed bullet of approximately 9mm quotient.
During the early 1920'due south, Switzerland and Italy joined the club of 'intermediate power' developers. They produced their ain cartridges and automatic or semi-automatic weapons to fire them. Past the mid-1930'south several other countries (eastward.chiliad. Denmark and Germany) attempted to develop their own versions of intermediate power cartridges and the automatic weapons to fire them, but none were adopted at that time.
Here's the1000000 dollar question: if the concept was known and institute worth researching as early as 1918, why wasn't it fielded until 1942? There'south no simple answer, but we tin can speculate on some of the reasons:
1) The military, peculiarly the higher ranks, are historically quite conservative. The very concept of arming every infantryman with a rifle capable of firing a total combat load of 100 rounds in about a minute was quite alien to many commanders. The amounts of armament needed were phenomenal to those who grew up during the era of bolt action rifles with magazine cut-offs.
ii) Despite the weight and cost savings per round offered by intermediate cartridges compared with standard rifle rounds, automatic weapons greatly increased the expenditure of smaller rounds. This would still put boosted strain on manufacturing and logistical capabilities, not to mention budgets, which were drastically cut back later the cease of WW1.
iii) Subsequently WW1 machine guns were considered to be essential infantry artillery, and using reduced power armament in machine guns was out of the question at the fourth dimension. Therefore, this would require keeping two different rounds in the supply chain, making logistics fifty-fifty more complicated.
four) Up until the mid to tardily 1930's, typical targets for infantry rifle burn included other battlefield objects besides merely enemy personnel, such as horses (cavalry was still considered of import by many nations), armored cars and low-flying combat aircraft. All of those targets are tougher than an average human being, and using reduced power ammunition confronting these types of targets would place troops at an obvious disadvantage.
Overall, information technology appears that most militaries of the interwar flow considered the "full ability" semi-automatic rifle as the next logical step in the development of individual infantry arms. Some nations tried to create automatic rifles (such as the Soviets with their unsuccessful AVS-36 rifle), but the majority were attack the self-loading simply types. One notable try to reduce the power of the standard infantry rifle was fabricated by the Americans during the late 1920's – early 1930'due south, when they tried to supercede the old and powerful .30-06 (7.62×63) cartridge with a .276 (7×51) cartridge, developed specifically for the new semi-automatic military rifles. This endeavour was cancelled, though, mostly on fiscal and logistical grounds.
Despite all of these reasons not to adopt reduced power automatic rifles, military experts and manufacture engineers kept working on the new concept. Amid these were the Germans, who took the intermediate cartridge route in 1935. By 1940 the Department of Armaments, German Army (Heereswaffenamt, or HWaA in short), had settled on the seven.92×33 intermediate ability rifle cartridge, developed by the Polte visitor. From a performance point of view, the nominal quotient of seven.9mm was junior to the originally proposed 7mm caliber, but 7.9mm was called for its manufacturing benefits. New barrels, cases and bullets could be fabricated on existing machinery, originally used to produce barrels and armament for the standard infantry 7.92×57 Mauser cartridge.
The vii.92×33 round, also known as the 7.92 Kurz (brusk), fired an 8 gram bullet at nearly 690 m/s; with a muzzle energy of about 1900 Joules. Compared to the 7.92x57mm (8mm Mauser) with a standard sS bullet (12.8 gram at 800 m/s, 4100+ Joules), this new "Kurz" cartridge generated about 50% less recoil and likewise weighed nearly 40% less (xvi.seven g as compared to 26.9 thou).
Once this promising new round was selected, contracts were issued to the Haenel and Walther companies to develop a new grade of automatic weapons – the so chosen "Machine Carbines", or Machinenkarbiner in German (MKb for short). By 1942, 2 versions of the German language MKb.42 machine carbines (MKb.42(H) by Haenel and MKb.42(West) by Walther) were tested at the Western front, and the concept was found to accept its merits. However, official adoption was delayed past troops requesting some changes (including conversion to fire from a closed bolt as opposed to the original "submachine gun style" open bolt) and more importantly, by personal orders from Adolf Hitler to cease all development of new classes of pocket-sized arms.
In order to circumvent Hitler's orders, the next version of the Machinenkarabiner was renamed to Maschinenpistole (submachine gun, a class of weapons already in widespread service with the German Regular army), and entered product in 1943 as the MP-43. One time reports of the MP-43's success at the front reached German Headquarters in 1944, Hitler finally approved mass production of the new weapon and its associated 7.92mm Kurz cartridge, personally christening it "Das Sturmgewehr 44" (Stg.44 in brusque), which means "Storm" or "Attack" rifle. It was pure propaganda, as at the time Hitlers' Germany was all about defence instead of the before "Sturm und Drang" attitude.
Overall, about 425,000 Sturmgewehr rifles were fabricated for the Wehrmacht before the war concluded, and information technology fabricated a sufficient impression on the allied forces (alibi the pun) to warrant very shut test.
American developments..
At the same time (1939-40) the American Army issued a request for the development of a 'lightweight rifle', a handy .30 quotient (7.62mm) automatic carbine, with the intention of using it as a more than effective replacement for the military pistol. The cartridge developed for this weapon by the Winchester Visitor, was based on the .32WSL hunting round, and fired a 7 gram bullet at a cage velocity of about 600 yard/due south (muzzle energy ane,300 Joules). It was the .30 Carbine, or .thirty M1 Carbine round (7.62x33mm).
Loaded with a round-nosed bullet, information technology looked more like a stretched pistol round than a downscaled burglarize round, but it was virtually twice as powerful equally most contemporary armed services pistol rounds. Presently later on the start of trials the United states Army dropped the 'full machine' requirement. The actual M1 carbine, adopted in 1941, was a semi-automatic but weapon.
Despite its original concept being of a "Personal Defense Weapon" (exactly the contrary to an "Assault rifle"), the M1 carbine chop-chop became popular amid fighting troops for its handiness, maneuverability and rapidity of burn, although express in range.
By 1944, it became apparent that a fully-automatic version of the M1 would make sense for front-line troops, and the selective-fire M2 carbine was approved for service and put into production towards the end of the state of war. By modernistic ballistic standards, it may fall curt of being a "true set on burglarize", but however, information technology was an important historical weapon which deserves an honorable mention at the very least.
Soviet developments..
It must be noted that the evaluation of lessons learned in wartime brought various practical results. The Soviet Union, whose ground forces learned the value of massed automated fire through the widespread issue of submachine guns, took the intermediate cartridge concept to heart.
After a series of trials, in 1949 the Soviet Regular army adopted the world'due south most successful "reduced power automatic carbine", the Kalashnikov Avtomat or AK in short, known to the West as the AK-47. In official Russian terminology, "Avtomat" ways "automatic". Historically this term was used to describe all sorts of hand-held individual automatic weapons; from the full-power Fedorov rifle of 1916, to a series of WW2 era submachine guns (i.e. the PPSh-41 submachine gun was also known officially equally "Avtomat obraztsa 1941 goda" or "automatic weapon, 1941 design"). The term "Set on Burglarize" or rather, its Russian equivalent – never really caught on in Russia.
In the West and in Europe..
Some Western countries also attempted to develop a "reduced power" cartridge. Nearly notable of these was the so called "BBC commission" (Uk – Belgium – Canada), which promoted a .280 caliber (7x43mm) intermediate cartridge of British design.
Yet, this concept met with picayune involvement in the Us, where the thought of an accurate long-range (upwardly to k yards / 911 meters) infantry rifle was heavily ingrained into the mindset of the top-ranking officers who fabricated procurement decisions. As a outcome, the United states of america Army adopted a slightly shorter and lighter .30 caliber cartridge, which still possessed the same ballistic properties (bullet weight, muzzle velocity, energy and, most important, recoil impulse) as the one-time .30-06 M2 round. Known as the vii.62x51mm NATO, this circular was and then forced upon all other NATO members, effectively killing development of "reduced power" ammunition and weapons in the Westward for some time.
Hither we must stop over again and re-evaluate the term "Set on Rifle". Information technology was officially used to name several weapons in various countries later WW2. First of these mail service-war "Sturmgewehr" rifles were Swiss Stgw.57's (also known as SIG 510, caliber 7.5×55) and Austrian Stg.58 (License-built Belgian FN FAL, quotient vii.62×51). Both were selective-fire rifles, firing full-power ammunition. Probably the nearly ironic fact nearly these "Assault Rifles" is that both Austria and Switzerland are neutral countries and their weapons serve primarily in the defensive part. In nearly English-speaking countries new weapons were (and however are) designated but as "Burglarize" (i.e. "Burglarize, 7.62mm L1A1", or "Rifle, 7.62mm M14"), without mentioning any specific role, be that assault, defense or anything else.
At present we see that the 2nd generation of "Set on Rifles", spawned by Stg.44, was in fact separate into two groups – one firing "intermediate" ammunition, such every bit the German Stg.44, Soviet AK-47 or Czechoslovak SA Vz.58, and another, firing full-power armament, such as the American M14 and Ar10, Belgian FN FAL, German G3 or Swiss Stg.57.
Therefore we must admit that "Assault Weapon" is an artificial moniker which offers little value compared to the more than generic 'Automatic Rifle' and 'Automated Carbine' terms. In some cases information technology is used to specifically separate 'intermediate ability' automatic rifles from their "full power" cousins (which also have their own class proper name 'Battle Rifles', every bit pointless), simply its actual historical use proves that it's not the example.
Keep it real..
Possibly the most accurate designation for a "reduced" or "intermediate" power automatic rifle from a technical standpoint is the original German term 'Maschinenkarabiner' or its English equivalents "Machine Carbine" or "Automatic Carbine", because "Carbine" in general means "brusque and light rifle".
The Russian term "Avtomat" in its modern sense is appropriately and officially defined as an "Automated Carbine" too. Despite that, the term 'Assault Rifle' withal misleading information technology is, has certain gravitas, is in widespread use and let'south face it – just sounds absurd – and then well-nigh probably, it will still exist widely used to draw automatic carbines and rifles despite all thefacts, equally pointed out above.
The same applies to the 'Boxing Rifle' term, which is frequently used to describe modern "full power" automatic rifles such as the M14, AR10, HK G3 or FN SCAR-H. In fact, there's no meaning tactical or ballistic divergence betwixt the former 7,62x54R AVS-36, AVT-40 or FG-42 automatic rifles of the WW2 era and nearly modern 7.62×51 automatic "battle" rifles.
At present let'south become dorsum to the history of automatic rifles. Equally we noted before, by the early 50's, the Due east (USSR and its satellite states) had begun to arm their infantry with intermediate-cartridge weapons (automatic and semi-automatic carbines, too as calorie-free machine guns). Full-ability burglarize cartridges were kept generally for platoon-level medium auto guns, every bit well as for sniper rifles.
The West (NATO and many other countries) went the "full-power" road with the adoption of the 7.62×51 NATO round, as developed in the USA. Despite all of the stubborn efforts the United states Army went to, to prove that its option of new round was the correct ane, practical experiences of the time proved that this was not the example.
Fully automatic fire from the newly designed 7.62mm NATO rifles was ineffective to say the to the lowest degree, and many countries either adopted the new rifles as semi-automatic from the start (as the United kingdom did with their L1A1 SLR), or later converted nigh of their selective fire rifles to semi-car only (as the US Regular army did with their own M14 rifles).
In semi-automatic fire mode, the long range potential of the vii.62mm NATO circular was basically lost due to the limitations of using fe sights and the Mk.ane eyeballs of your typical infantryman. Concurrently with these changes, a lot of research was done to notice ways to improve the effectiveness of infantry burn. Non surprisingly, this inquiry pointed out what was already known by 1918 – the capabilities of the average soldier in a typical combat situation limit effective rifle fire to 300-400 meters maximum. This "old" finding, along with the new concept of "salvo" firing (to reach a hit-spreading "shotgun effect", which could recoup for slight aiming errors) resulted in the determination to decrease the caliber of infantry weapons from the typical seven-8mm down to about 5-6mm or less.
This decrease offers several advantages compared to "standard caliber reduced power" ammunition, including faster bullets with flatter brusk-to medium-range trajectories, decreased weight of ammunition and guns, and reduced recoil.
Several ambitious merely largely unsuccessful inquiry and development programs ensued. These centered on subcaliber flechette rounds, multi-bullet rounds, micro-caliber bullets (4mm and below) and caseless ammunition. These were conducted in the Usa, Germany and elsewhere, but practical results were accomplished only with conventional ammunition of .22" caliber (v.56mm). These developments happened in the USA during the late 1950'south in conjunction with the development of the Armalite AR-15 / Colt M16 rifle.
This brought to life what could be described as a "third generation of assault rifles", however artificial this distinction may exist in reality. Technically, these 'tertiary generation' weapons were selective-fired automatic rifles or carbines. They fired reduced power, reduced quotient ammunition. Inspired by developments in the The states, by the late 1970's – early fourscore's, this concept caught on both in the West (with the adoption of an improved version of the American 5.56mm cartridge equally the adjacent NATO standard rifle ammunition in 1979); and in the East (with the Soviet Army adopting its own version of the small-diameter reduced power cartridge in the grade of the 5.45×39 round in 1974 meantime with the AK-74 rifle).
Today, almost 50 years later, most armies of the globe yet apply this "tertiary generation" burglarize ammunition (reduced ability, reduced quotient) for standard infantry rifles and squad support weapons. Essentially, the weapons designed in 2014 are not much different from those designed in 1964 or and so, except for the utilise of more than modern materials and finishes. That'southward considering they all fire the same ammunition.
The limited success of the and so-called bullpup configuration rifles (for case the Steyr Aug) besides does not add much to the overall combat adequacy of the rifle-armed soldier. Not to mention the fact that bullpup automatic rifles were designed and tested during the evolution and development of the 1st and 2nd generations of individual automatic rifles.
A more than powerful trend..
Another modernistic tendency is an attempt to bridge the gap between total-power, standard quotient and reduced-power, reduced quotient ammunition with the introduction of a few "more powerful than intermediate" rounds such as 6.5 Grendel or vi.8 Remington SPC. These rounds are surprisingly close in basic ballistic backdrop to the century-plus former warhorses such as 6.5x50SR Arisaka, except that mod rounds have shorter and lighter cases (thank you to improvements in propellant chemical science) and bullets with an improved shape.
Therefore, in terms of overall operation, any modern six.5mm – half dozen.8mm "Assail Rifle" is not that far removed from the 1916-vintage Fedorov Avtomat, which fired vi.5mm Arisaka ammunition. The most notable differences between modern and century-quondam guns would be materials, manufacturing techniques and overall reliability, especially in harsh and agin environmental atmospheric condition.
The primal factor that allows modern soldiers to be noticeably more effective in terms of hit probability is in fact, not the rifle or kind of ammunition but sighting equipment. New telescopic mean solar day- and night sights greatly enhance shooter performance at medium and long distances, and reddish-dot sights bring brusque-range performance under dynamic conditions to a whole new level, compared to the old-style iron sights.
Still, in virtually cases those sights are non unique to any given weapon, and, in theory, anyone with access to a nearly-century-former weapon such as BAR 1918 or Fedorov 1916 could outfit it with modern sights with some minor gunsmithing.
The circle is complete..
1 interesting recent trend is a slow but noticeable comeback of the full-ability automated rifles firing 7.62×51 NATO ammunition. For some time these rifles were issued generally in semi-automatic, designated marksmen versions, with the intention of increasing the reach of modest infantry units armed with 5.56mm weapons in desert or mountainous terrains such every bit Iraq and Afghanistan.
However, it appears that one such rifle per squad is oft not sufficient to fight enemies who are using distance, natural comprehend and modern torso armor for protection against small arms fire. Therefore, several companies worldwide now offer 7.62mm automatic rifles which are intended for private, rather than squad-support use. To proper noun a few, at that place's the FN SCAR-H from Belgium, HK 417 from Germany, SIG 716 and 751 SAPR from the international SIGARMS Company.
Nigh of these weapons are intended for Special Forces, but in May 2014, the Turkish Ground forces, which (past the style) is the largest NATO war machine force in Europe, announced its adoption of the MKEK MPT-76 burglarize, which appears to be a general consequence, select-burn down weapon based on the German HK 417.
The Turkish army has enough of actual gainsay experience with 3 of the nearly widespread infantry rifle cartridges of today – five.56×45 NATO (in license-built HK 33 rifles), 7.62×39 (in imported Kalashnikov AKM rifles) and 7.62×51 NATO (in license-built HK G3 rifles). And it seems that Turkish infantry can put up with a decreased armament capacity in hopes of getting a more than effective and far-reaching weapon. With these weapons, automatic fire is reserved for rare, just nonetheless probable (at some betoken) situations such as ambushes or CQB, and most shooting is to be fabricated in deliberate, aimed semi-automatic fire.
Back to foursquare one?
In a sense – yeah, because, as nosotros've seen to a higher place, in terms of ballistics most modern weapons are very shut to commencement-generation weapons dating back to WW1. Notwithstanding, the rapid evolution of sighting equipment, with low-power telescope sights and reddish dot (collimating) sights (and especially with the emerging form of electronic sights with built-in ballistic computers and other digital sighting aids), helps to stretch the envelope of effective pocket-sized arms fire across the previous capabilities of intermediate-power ammunition.
Terminal note
There's another misleading term in circulation in the U.s.a., the infamous "Assault Weapon". This has no technical or tactical relevance whatsoever. Information technology is only used equally a label to mark whatever weapon is non liked by sure The states politicians in an attempt to brand this weapon look "evil". Put simply – an endeavor to ban it from civilian sales and ownership.
In a tactical sense, almost any weapon, from a stone or wooden gild through to a flintlock pistol or modernistic semi- or even fully-automatic rifle tin exist used as a weapon of attack, every bit well as "weapon of defense force", "weapon of sport shooting or hunting" etc.
Aps M4 Guardian Combat Full Metal Airsoft Rifle Ebb Asr112 Aeg Gun
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